Long-term Energy Transition In Europe - Gales Et Al. (2007)

The authors note: "Muscle energy corresponds to the input of food by men and working animals; firewood to the actual consumption; wind and water have been estimated from the power of water and wind engines – sailing ships included – and the time, per year, these engines were in use."

Full citation: Ben Gales, Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima and Mar Rubio (2007) – North versus South: Energy transition and energy intensity in Europe over 200 years. European Review of Economic History Vol. 11, No. 2 (August 2007), pp. 219-253. Cambridge University Press Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1361491607001967