Estimates of the over/undervaluation of residential property prices in selected EU countries are based on four different valuation methods: price-to-rent ratio, price-to-income ratio and two model-based methods (for details, see Box 3 in Financial Stability Review, ECB, June 2011 and/or Box 3 in Financial Stability Review, ECB, November 2015).

Last updated: 30 October 2025 16:47 CET